达尔文认为:“如果我们看每一种生物都是一种不知名的生物的后代,那么它的亲本及所有过渡物种应该被新的更完美的新种消灭了。制造新种的同时就消灭了旧种。”(Hence, if we look at each species as descended from some other unknown form, both the parent and all the transitional varieties will generally have been exterminated by the very process of formation and perfection of the new form.)¹¹⁴
20世纪中叶,美国加州大学伯克利分校著名动物学家、遗传学家理查德‧戈德施米特教授(Prof. Dr. Richard Goldschmidt, 1878—1958)这样评论:“没有人通过微突变的积累成功地生产出一个新物种。达尔文进化论的自然选择理论从来没有任何证据可证明,但却被普遍接受。”“通过微进化不可能形成任何新物种。”“微观进化 (物种内的变化) 的事实不足以理解宏观进化(从一个物种到另一个物种的理论上的变化)。”(It is good to keep in mind … that nobody has ever succeeded in producing even one new species by the accumulation of micromutations. Darwin’s theory of natural selection has never had any proof, yet it has been universally accepted. It’s impossible by micro-mutation to form any new species. The facts of microevolution [change within the species] do not suffice for an understanding of macroevolution [theorized change from one species to another].)¹¹⁵
达尔文在1860年给“美国植物学之父”阿萨‧格雷¹²¹(Asa Gray, 1810—1888)的一封信中写道:“关于(物种起源的)弱点我同意。直到今天,眼睛让我不寒而栗,但当我想到那些众所周知的细微差别时,我的理智告诉我──我应该克服它。”(About weak points [of the Origin] I agree. The eye to this day gives me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my reason tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder.)¹²²
达尔文承认,眼睛的复杂性让他感到震撼,承认眼睛是进化论的一个难题。他在《物种起源》中写道:“眼睛有调节焦距、允许不同采光量和纠正球面像差和色差的无与伦比的设计。我坦白地承认,认为眼睛是通过自然选择而形成的假说,似乎是最荒谬可笑的。”(Organs of extreme perfection and complication. — To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree.)¹²³
《物种起源》第六章讲述“理论的难题”,达尔文在“极其完美和复杂的器官”这一节中写道:“……那么自然选择可以形成完美而复杂的眼睛,这是难以令人相信的,其实是我们无法想像的,也很难被看作是真实的。”( ……then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real.)¹²⁹
贝赫曾说:“面对现代生物化学所发现的细胞的巨大复杂性,科学界陷入瘫痪。没有一个哈佛大学、美国国立卫生研究院或美国国家科学院的科学家,也没有一个诺贝尔奖获得者──根本没有任何一个人能详细说明细菌的纤毛、人的视力或血液凝固是如何产生的,或者任何复杂的生化过程是如何以达尔文主义的方式发展出来的。但我们人类存在在这里,植物和动物存在在这里,复杂的系统存在在这里,所有这些东西都以某种方式来到这里。那么如果不是以达尔文主义的方式,那又是如何发生的?”(In the face of the enormous complexity that modern biochemistry has uncovered in the cell, the scientific community is paralyzed. No one at Harvard University, no one at the National Institutes of Health, no member of the National Academy of Sciences, no Nobel prize winner—no one at all can give a detailed account of how the cilium, or vision, or blood clotting, or any complex biochemical process might have developed in a Darwinian fashion. But we are here. Plants and animals are here. The complex systems are here. All these things got here somehow: if not in a Darwinian fashion, then how?)¹³⁰
著名分子生物学家、微生物学家、澳大利亚墨尔本理工大学伊恩‧麦克里迪教授(Prof. Dr. Ian Macreadie)曾经说过:“进化论认为一切都会改善,而我却看到一切都在崩溃。基因被破坏、突变(DNA每代复制时会出现错误)导致遗传性疾病,继而让社区负担不断增加。所有一切在初始时都是被精心设计的。”(Evolution would argue for things improving, whereas I see everything falling to pieces. Genes being corrupted, mutations [mistakes as DNA is copied each generation] causing an increasing community burden of inherited diseases. All things were well designed initially.)¹³¹
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