1975年6月23日—27日,国际原子能机构(International Atomic Energy Agency)、加蓬当局和法国原子能委员会(French Atomic Energy Commission)在加蓬首都利伯维尔(Libreville)联合召开国际学术专题研讨会。来自19个国家的世界顶级科学家,热烈地探讨加蓬核反应堆的不同寻常之处,称之为「奥克洛现象」。⁶⁹⁰
代表美国参加会议的是当时美国顶级核物理学家和化学家乔治‧A‧考恩(George A. Cowan, 1920—2012)。考恩曾在美国能源部下属的主导开发第一颗原子弹的洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室(Los Alamos National Laboratory, LANL)就职39年,在二战期间参与曼哈顿计划(Manhattan Project)⁶⁹¹。他因「一生在能源开发和利用方面取得的杰出成就」(a lifetime of exceptional achievement in the development and use of energy)而获得恩里科‧费米奖(Enrico Fermi Award)、新墨西哥州科学院杰出科学家奖(New Mexico Academy of Science Distinguished Scientist Award)、罗伯特‧H‧戈达德奖(Robert H. Goddard Award)、E.O. 劳伦斯奖(E.O. Lawrence Award)以及洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室奖章(LANL Medal)──这是该实验室授予个人或小组的最高荣誉。他还是著名的圣达菲研究所(Santa Fe Institute)的创办人之一。
除此之外,美国原子能委员会前主席、因重元素研究而获得诺贝尔化学奖的格伦‧T‧西博格(Glenn T. Seaborg)教授曾评论道:要让一个核反应堆运行起来,需要满足许多精准条件,比如参与核反应的慢化剂与燃料都必须非常纯净,若有百万分之几含量的污染物,都会「毒害」反应堆,使反应终止。而他表示,自然环境下的地下如何满足这些必要的条件?奥克洛核反应堆的情况「真是令人费解」。⁶⁹³
2018年《美国国家科学院院刊》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,简称PNAS)刊登了美国海军研究实验室(US Naval Research Laboratory)同位素成像系统研究奥克洛反应堆中裂变产物放射性元素铯和钡的处理方式。⁶⁹⁸
法国核物理学家罗杰‧诺德(Roger Naudet)在加蓬反应堆的前期研究中,担任项目组长。1996年他在总结自己20年研究成果的《奥克洛:化石核反应堆》(Oklo: The Fossil Nuclear Reactors)一书中,详细列举了奥克洛核反应堆大量无法以「自然形成」解释的现象和技术细节⁷¹²。因为篇幅有限,这里不详述。
其实根据2004年美国能源部的记载,在20世纪70年代的早期,当各国科学家第一次听说这些被称为「天然」的核反应堆时,就表示了高度怀疑。一群世界上最优秀的物理学家在精心设计机械细节、材料纯度和组件几何形状等等各方面的条件下,才建造出了「芝加哥一号」。科学家们反问:「建造核反应堆时,需要如此高度的工程、物理学和敏锐、细致的关注,(可控)核裂变反应怎么可能在自然界随机发生呢?」(”How,” they asked, “could fission reactions happen in nature, when such a high degree of engineering, physics, and acute, detailed attention went into building a nuclear reactor?”)⁷¹³
梅斯特在1968年发表的一篇文章中描述了这个古老的鞋印:「脚跟的印痕在岩石上比鞋底凹陷了约八分之一英寸。脚印显然是右脚的,因为凉鞋在脚后跟的右侧磨损得很严重。」(The heel print was indented in the rock about an eighth of an inch more than the sole. The footprint was clearly that of the right foot because the sandal was well worn on the right side of the heel in characteristic fashion.)
实际上在全球各地都发现过史前人类脚印化石,最久远的是美国肯塔基州岩堡县发现的10个完整的人类足迹和几个零碎的足迹,被称为岩堡县足迹(Rockcastle County footprints)。它们位于石炭纪的砂岩中。该化石年代可追溯到距今3.2亿~2.8亿年前。
然而,一些持进化观点的科学家拒绝承认这个发现,仅仅是因为它的产生年龄超出了进化论所推算的人类生活的时间范围。如格伦‧库班(Glen J. Kuban)⁷²⁰或美国国家科学教育中心(National Center for Science Education in the United States)⁷²¹等都把它当作是自然产物,或用一些地质现象来做牵强的解释,而不敢突破进化论的局限来面对史前人类文明存在的可能性。
7.2.2 内华达州500万年前的鞋印
1922年10月8日,W‧H‧巴卢(W. H. Ballou)博士在《纽约星期日美国人报》的《美国周刊》上刊登了一篇引人注目的专题文章,题为「500万年前的石化『鞋底』之谜」(Mystery of the Petrified “Shoe Sole” 5,000,000 Years Old)。
文中记述了美国杰出的采矿工程师约翰‧T‧里德(John T. Reid)在内华达州(Nevada)潘兴县的费雪峡谷发现了一只鞋子的化石印记,上面有缝线的痕迹和断裂的鞋跟。这个鞋印被人们称为「内华达州的鞋印」(A Shoe Sole From Nevada)。这个脚印记录在《考古禁忌:人类隐藏的历史》的第807~808页。⁷²²
1922年初里德到纽约拜访了美国自然历史博物馆的古生物学家威廉‧马修斯博士(Dr. William Matthews),向他展示这块三叠纪鞋底化石后,请他留意这个鞋印,并问他对此有何看法。
尽管马修斯对这块化石的鞋底与人的鞋底相似的细节表示了极大的惊讶,他说「我从未见过如此非凡的东西」(I have never seen anything so extraordinary as this)⁷²⁴,但最后马修斯这样说,「这是我见过的最完美的自然模仿作品,但仅此而已。这不是人的作品。人们不相信人类在这片大陆上的存在超过了三万年。」(It is the most perfect piece of natural mimicry that I have ever seen, but that is all. It is not the work of man. It is not believed that man has existed on this continent for more than 30,000 years.)⁷²⁵
不仅如此,美国自然历史博物馆矿物学部馆长赫伯特‧P‧惠特洛克(Herbert P. Whitlock)博士也称其为「一个非常了不起的标本」,但是他用了这样的词来形容──「他见过的最能骗人的」。
英国生物学家和作家伊凡‧T‧桑德森(Ivan T. Sanderson, 1911—1973)提出「异地文物」(Out-of-Place-Artifacts, OOPARTS)这一术语,是指人类的化石或印记、动物、人造物体等等在一些不寻常的地层或地质构造中被发现。而按照进化假说,这些物体不应该位于它们被发现时所处的位置。上面提到的脚印等就是这样的物体之一。⁷²⁶
1852年在美国马萨诸塞州多切斯特(Dorchester)的会议屋山(Meeting House Hill)的一场岩石爆破中,人们发现了一个精致的锌银合金的金属器皿,它被人们称为多切斯特花瓶(Dorchester Pot)。同年6月,《科学美国人》(Scientific American)杂志报导了这个器皿。⁷³⁰
1880年,美国加州首席政府地质学家、哈佛大学地质学教授乔赛亚‧德怀特‧惠特尼⁷³¹(Josiah Dwight Whitney, 1819—1896)撰写了关于加州金矿矿井深处发现的物品的长篇著作《加州内华达山脉的金砾石》(The auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California)⁷³²,向科学界报告了这一证据,该书于1880年由哈佛大学比较动物学博物馆出版。
19世纪史密森尼学会(Smithsonian Institution)的威廉‧B‧霍姆斯(William B. Holmes)说:「也许,如果惠特尼教授充分了解今天所理解的人类进化的故事,尽管他面前有一系列令人印象深刻的证词,他(也)会犹豫是否要宣布这一结论。」⁷³³(Holmes of the Smithsonian Institution, one of the most vocal nineteenth-century critics of the California finds, wrote: “Perhaps if Professor Whitney had fully appreciated the story of human’s evolution as it is understood today, he would have hesitated to announce the conclusions formulated [that humans existed in very ancient times in North America], notwithstanding the imposing array of testimony with which he was confronted.”)
除此之外,类似的金属工具还有很多。
例如,1968年考古学家朱伊特(Y. Druet)和萨尔法蒂(H. Salfati)在法国圣让德利维(Saint-Jean de Livet)采石场的石灰岩层里发现了一些金属管,岩层年龄至少有6500万年的历史。在考虑并消除了几个假设之后,朱伊特和萨尔法蒂得出结论,在6500万年前已经有智慧生命存在。
1969年7月20日阿波罗11号成功登上月球,靠的是土星五号运载火箭的成功运送。美国NASA航空航天工程师沃纳‧冯‧布劳恩博士(Wernher von Braun, 1912—1977)就是土星五号运载火箭的首席设计师。布劳恩当时是美国太空总署太空飞行中心主任,1967年入选美国国家工程院院士,1975年获得国家科学奖章。他被公认是20世纪最重要的火箭开发工程师。⁷³⁷
有不少科学家已经提出多次史前文明的理论,认为地球上曾经有过多次史前人类文明、人类文明是周期性的。获得1921年的诺贝尔化学奖的英国物理学家、化学家弗里德里‧克索迪(Frederick Soddy)认为:「我相信人类曾有过若干次文明。人类存在时已熟悉原子能,但由于误用,使他们被毁灭。」(I believe that there have been civilizations in the past that were familiar with atomic energy, and that by misusing it, they were totally destroyed.)⁷⁴⁷
劳普1996当选为美国艺术与科学学院院士⁷⁵⁶(American Academy of Arts and Sciences),2002年当选为美国哲学会院士⁷⁵⁷(American Philosophical Society)。塞普科斯基曾于1983年荣获古生物学会查尔斯舒克特奖⁷⁵⁸(Charles Schuchert Award, Paleontological Society)。
1940年6月18日,在美国科学促进会于西雅图举行的会议上,即将退休的美国地质调查局地质学家约瑟夫‧帕迪(Joseph Pardee)发表了一篇题为「米苏拉冰川湖的波纹痕迹」(Ripple Marks in Glacial Lake Missoula)的论文。他态度温和,用安静的声音讲述了他十几年前的发现,18,000至13,000年前,在最后一个大冰河时期末期,蒙大拿州米苏拉冰川湖形成。随著湖水水位上升,最终导致2,000英尺高的冰坝破裂之后,大约500立方英里的水以迅雷不及掩耳、摧枯拉朽之力冲破了冰坝残余物,冰坝中的水唯一可以去的地方就是外面的荒地──哥伦比亚高原,成为当年席卷哥伦比亚高原的大洪水的来源的有力证据。⁷⁶⁴
1965年召开的国际第四纪研究协会(International Association for Quaternary Research)会议发给布雷茨的一封电报的结尾是这样写的:「我们现在都是灾变论者。」(We are all now catastrophists.)
1994年,在华盛顿古利市干瀑布州立公园游客中心外,一块纪念布雷茨的牌匾上写著:「献给J‧哈伦‧布雷茨,他耐心地教导我们,灾难性的洪水有时可能在大自然持续上演的戏剧中扮演一个角色。」(Dedicated to J Harlen Bretz who patiently taught us that catastrophic floods may sometimes play a role in nature’s unfolding drama.)⁷⁶⁶
1979年美国地质学会授予布雷茨美国地质学会最高荣誉──彭罗斯奖章⁷⁶⁷。领奖后,布雷茨幽默地说:「我所有的敌人(大洪水论的反对者)都死了,所以我没什么可沾沾自喜的。」(All my enemies are dead, so I have no one to gloat over.)
在华盛顿州立公园的同一块牌匾上,还刻著布雷茨的一句话:「没有先例的想法通常不受欢迎,而且当有秩序的世界的概念受到挑战时,人们会感到震惊。」(Ideas without precedent are generally looked upon with disfavor and men are shocked if their conceptions of an orderly world are challenged.)
悉尼大学(University of Sydney)地质学博士安德鲁‧A‧斯内林(Andrew A. Snelling)在《地球灾难性的过去:地质、创造与洪水》(Earth’s Catastrophic Past: Geology, Creation & the Flood)书中列举了生物在被快速掩埋之后形成化石的大量证据。⁷⁶⁹
成立于1958年的美国国家航空暨太空总署(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA) ,是美国在太空相关科学技术领域的领先研究机构,他们的成就很多,包括制造卫星、探索月球或火星或甚至太阳系更远的地方等等。⁷⁸⁴
1994年2月8日,美国《世界新闻周刊》(Weekly World News)刊登了一张照片,美国NASA的哈勃太空望远镜(Hubble Telescope)于1993年12月26日将数百张照片传回马里兰州格林贝尔特(Greenbelt)戈达德太空飞行中心(Goddard Space Flight Center)的指挥中心。这些照片清楚地显示了一座巨大的白色城市漂浮在茫茫的黑暗太空中。这个历史事件于2009年9月10日被《世界新闻周刊》再次报导。⁷⁸⁵
牛顿曾说,「当我观察太阳系时,看到地球到太阳的距离刚好使地球得到适量的光和热,这可不是偶然的现象!」(When I look at the solar system, I see the earth at the right distance from the sun to receive the proper amounts of heat and light. This did not happen by chance.)⁷⁸⁹
他说,人们应该思考这样的事实:太阳,作为太阳系中唯一产生热和光的天体,事实上,它向六颗行星【编者按:当时人们只发现了六颗太阳系的行星】发出了适当的光和热,这种情况只能通过设计才能出现。此外,神确保行星以正确的速度运行、与太阳的距离正确(并且在正确的轨道上运行)、具有正确的质量(因此也有正确的引力),并以正确的速率绕轴旋转。只有精通机械和几何学的人才能比较和调整所有这些特征,只有伟大的哲学家才能发现其运动背后的原则。[ The latter should ponder, he continued, the fact that the sun and no other body in the solar system produced heat and light, and indeed, gave out exactly the appropriate light and heat to the six planets, a state of affairs that could only have arisen by design. Moreover, God had ensured that planets travelled at just the correct velocities, were at just the right distance from the sun (and travelled in just the right orbits), had just the right mass (and hence just the right amount of gravitational power), and revolved on their axes at just the correct rates. Rehearsing a remark he had made about a perfect (i.e., divine) mechanic in the “Preface to the Reader” of the Principia, he insisted that only a being exquisitely skilled in mechanics and geometry could have compared and adjusted all these features; he might have added that only a great philosopher could have discovered the principles underlying their motions.]⁷⁹⁰
牛顿在他的著作《自然哲学的数学原理》(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)──也被称为《数学原理》(Principia Mathematica)中说:「这个最美丽的太阳、行星和彗星系统,只能源自一个智慧和强大的高级生命。而如果恒星是其它类似系统的中心,这些系统也是由相同的智慧所形成,那么这些恒星都是由类似的智慧生命组建的;特别是因为恒星的光与太阳的光具有相同的性质,并且来自每个系统的光都会传递到所有其它系统;为了避免恒星系统因引力而相互撞击,他把这些系统放在彼此相距遥远的地方。」(This most beautiful system of the sun, planets and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful being. And if the fixed stars are the centres of other like systems, these, being forme by the like wise counsels, must be all subject to the dominion of One; especially since the light of the fixed stars is of the same nature with the light of the sun, and from every system light passes into all other systems; and lest the systems of the fixed stars should, by their gravity, fall on each other mutually, he hath placed those systems at immense distance one from another.)⁷⁹¹
1925年7月,田纳西州代顿小镇的一名24岁的中学教师约翰‧托马斯‧斯科普斯(John Thomas Scopes, 1900—1970)在美国民权联盟(ACLU)的支持下,在课堂里面公开讲授进化论。州政府就起诉他违反田纳西州的《布特勒法案》,法庭判决他违反了州的法律,斯科普斯被定罪并罚款100美元。⁷⁹⁴
美国著名地质学家,莱斯大学土木工程博士、明尼苏达大学水利工程博士、维吉尼亚理工大学土木工程系主任亨利‧马迪森‧莫里斯(Prof. Dr. Henry Madison Morris, 1918—2006)⁷⁹⁸在他的著作《与神的长期战争》(The Long War Against God)中说:「有趣的是,进化论思想的实际影响在社会科学和人文学科中更能感受到,但这很大程度上是因为人们广泛宣扬进化论已经被自然科学『证明』的信念。然而事实是,尽管自然科学通常是在进化框架中解释的,但没有人观察到真正的进化发生,甚至在任何生命科学中都没有,更不用说地球科学或物理科学了。」⁷⁹⁹
麦金泰博士在采访中讲述道,「而当时我相当天真。我想我们这里有件大事,而我只会坚持这个日期。我们已经得到了信息,我们得到了事实。让我们找出事实并从那里继续研究下去。我没有意识到这会毁掉我的整个职业生涯。」(And I was rather naive. I thought okay, we’ve got something big here. But I’m just going to stick with the date. We’ve got the information, we got the facts, let’s get the facts out and go on from there. And I didn’t realise it was going to ruin my whole career. )
如果她放弃「25万年」的结果、采用「2万年」的数据,可能会成就她的职业生涯。由于她坚持事实,她后来所有的职业机会都对她关上了大门、网站被关闭,进一步作地质学调查的许可证也被吊销。后来就没有在她自己选择的领域工作过。(According to Dr. McIntyre, and because she stuck to the facts, all of her professional opportunities were closed off she’s not worked in their chosen field since site was closed and permission for further investigation was denied forever.)
676. SCIENCE, 2005-01-07, Special Issue 125 th Anniversary, 01 JULY 2005, VOL 309, ISSUE 5731. https://faculty.cc.gatech.edu/~turk/science_125/science_125.pdf. 125 questions: Exploration and discovery. 14 MAY 2021. Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office. BOOKLET SPONSORED BY SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY (SJTU).
https://tinyurl.com/yck6wmdh
677. By Alex P. Meshik. The Workings of an Ancient Nuclear Reactor. Two billion years ago parts of an African uranium deposit spontaneously underwent nuclear fission. The details of this remarkable phenomenon are just now becoming clear. Scientific American. January 26, 2009.
https://tinyurl.com/s372d3ak
678. Oklo – A Nuclear Reactor 1800 Million Years Ago. Dr. S. Eklund, Director General.
https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/17304780204.pdf
679. George A. Cowan. A Natural Fission Reactor. Scientific American , Vol. 235, No. 1 (July 1976), pp. 36-47. Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
https://sci-hub.st/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950391,
https://tinyurl.com/j878twvn,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950391.
681. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Fritz Strassmann”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Apr. 2023, https://tinyurl.com/4dyd8puy. Accessed 28 October 2023.
682. nuclear fission, physics. Also known as: atomic fission, induced fission.Written by Ellis P. Steinberg. Director, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 1982–88; Section Head, Nuclear and Inorganic Chemistry, 1974–82. Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Last Updated: Sep 27, 2023.
https://www.britannica.com/science/nuclear-fission
683. Marcum, Wade and Spinrad, Bernard I.. “nuclear reactor”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Oct. 2023, https://tinyurl.com/2n5d94z7. Accessed 28 October 2023.
684. Reactors Designed by Argonne National Laboratory. Energy.gov. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. UChicago Argonne LLC.
https://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/early-reactors.shtml
690. REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OKLO PHENOMENON LIBREVILLE, GABON, JUNE 1975 The meeting was attended by 73 participants from 19 countries.
https://tinyurl.com/4tu5nxwj
691. George Cowan’s Interview (2006) https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/voices/oral-histories/george-cowans-interview-2006/, George Cowan’s Interview; George Cowan’s Interview (1993) https://tinyurl.com/mtyxx9ay / Voices of the Manhattan Project.
https://tinyurl.com/3shxya4r
692. J. C. Ruffenach et al., Isotopic Abundances Measurements a Key to Understanding the Oklo Phenomenon, November 1979.
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zna-1980-0202/pdf
693. Evidence Shows a Nuclear Reaction Occurred Spontaneously Long Ago. By Walter Sullivan Sept. 26, 1972.
https://tinyurl.com/mra6t8ep
694. F Gauthier-Lafaye, P Holliger, PL Blanc, Natural fission reactors in the Franceville basin, Gabon: A review of the conditions and results of a “critical event” in a geologic system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60, 4831–4852 (1996).
https://tinyurl.com/475mzvad
696. George A. Cowan. A Natural Fission Reactor. Scientific American , Vol. 235, No. 1 (July 1976), pp. 36-47. Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
https://sci-hub.st/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950391,
https://tinyurl.com/j878twvn , https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950391.
698. Groopman, E. E., Willingham, D. G., Meshik, A. P., & Pravdivtseva, O. V. (2018). Discovery of fissionogenic Cs and Ba capture five years after Oklo reactor shutdown. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(35), 8676-8681.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807267115
700. This Two Billion Year-Old Natural Reactor May Hold The Key To Safe Nuclear Waste Disposal. David Bressan. Senior Contributor. Aug 14, 2018,01:33pm EDT
https://tinyurl.com/56mnukmz
701. F. Gauthier-Lafaye et al., Les gisements d’uranium du Gabon et les reacteurs d’Oklo, May 1986.
https://tinyurl.com/mr3vweps,
https://www.persee.fr/doc/sgeol_0302-2684_1986_mon_78_1
706. Japan: Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log, Updates of 12 April 2011
https://tinyurl.com/yp43j97f
707. International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES).
https://tinyurl.com/mwbu5vmv
708. The Information Channel on Nuclear and Radiological Events
https://www-news.iaea.org/EventList.aspx
709. S. E. Woosley, A. Heger, and T. A. Weaver. The evolution and explosion of massive stars. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 1015 – Published on 7 November 2002. https://tinyurl.com/26bk6s7p,
https://sci-hub.yt/10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1015; Woosley, S. E., & Weaver, T. A. (1995). The evolution and explosion of massive stars. Astrophysical Journal Supplement v.101, p.181.
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJS..101..181W/abstract.
710. Taylor, S. R. (1974). Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38(5), 855-866.
https://tinyurl.com/3tk3tz25,
https://sci-hub.yt/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90129-2
711. J. R. Lamarsh’s A. J. Baratta’s Introduction to Nuclear 3rd (Third) edition(Introduction to Nuclear Engineering (3rd Edition) [Hardcover])(2001) Hardcover – January 1, 2001.
https://tinyurl.com/2sk2y4r3
712. R. Naudet, Oklo:The Fossil Nuclear Reactors (Translation of Chapter 6, 13 and Conclusions), SKB Technical Report 96-14, September 1996.
https://www.skb.com/publication/12534/SKB96-14_OCR.pdf
714. Forbidden Archeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race. By Michael A Cremo and Richard L Thompson. Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing. 1996. ISBN 9780892132942, 0892132949.
Reader’s Summary https://tinyurl.com/2bup6sjv, Page 810.
715. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “trilobite”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Nov. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/animal/trilobite. Accessed 10 November 2023.
716. Gutiérrez-Marco, J., García-Bellido, D., Rábano, I. et al. Digestive and appendicular soft-parts, with behavioural implications, in a large Ordovician trilobite from the Fezouata Lagerstätte, Morocco. Sci Rep 7, 39728 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39728
717. Hollingsworth, J. S. (2008). “The first trilobites in Laurentia and elsewhere”. In I. Rábano; R. Gozalo; D. García-Bellido (eds.). Advances in trilobite research (PDF). Fourth International Trilobite Conference, Toledo, June, 16-24, 2008. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, Nº 9. Madrid, Spain: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. ISBN 978-84-7840-759-0.
https://www.igme.es/museo/trilo08/archivos/TRILOBITE.pdf
718. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “fossil record”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Jan. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/science/fossil-record. Accessed 11 November 2023.
719. Geological Specimen Rejuvenates an Old Controversy. Wm LEE STOKES. Dialogue 139.
https://tinyurl.com/379njzh5
720. “The “Meister Print” An Alleged Human Sandal Print from Utah”. TalkOrigins. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/paluxy/meister.html, http://paleo.cc/paluxy/meister.htm
721. “Tripping Over a Trilobite: A Study of the Meister Tracks”. National Center for Science Education. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
https://ncse.ngo/tripping-over-trilobite-study-meister-tracks
722. Forbidden Archeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race. By Michael A Cremo and Richard L Thompson. Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing. 1996. ISBN 9780892132942, 0892132949. Reader’s Summary https://tinyurl.com/2bup6sjv, Page 807.
723. God — or Gorilla. : how the monkey theory of evolution exposes its own methods, refutes its own principles, denies its own inferences, disproves its own case. by McCann, Alfred Watterson, 1879-1931. Publication date 1922. New York: The Devin-Adair Company.
https://tinyurl.com/ywcmwh2y. P353-354.
724. God — or Gorilla. : how the monkey theory of evolution exposes its own methods, refutes its own principles, denies its own inferences, disproves its own case. by McCann, Alfred Watterson, 1879-1931. Publication date 1922. New York: The Devin-Adair Company.
https://tinyurl.com/ywcmwh2y. P353.
725. Todd Wood. John Reid’s Amazing Fossilized Shoe!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWBo-ecRhlo
726. OOPARTS! Out-of-Place-Artifacts in Pennsylvania. 2014-07-25 11:54
Topics: Environment and Nature, Pennsylvania.
https://tinyurl.com/v4syzwxu
727. Forbidden Archeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race. By Michael A Cremo and Richard L Thompson. Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing. 1996. ISBN 9780892132942, 0892132949.
Reader’s Summary https://tinyurl.com/2bup6sjv
728. A Relic of a By-Gone Age. Scientific American. Vol. 7, no. 38, p. 298 (June 5, 1852 or June 7, 1851) .
https://tinyurl.com/mr26t7sp
The Dorchester Pot: Originating from the 593 million year old Roxbury Conglomerate
https://tinyurl.com/5asktm8a
729. Forbidden Archeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race. By Michael A Cremo and Richard L Thompson. Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing. 1996. ISBN 9780892132942, 0892132949.
Reader’s Summary https://tinyurl.com/2bup6sjv
730. A Relic of a By-Gone Age. Scientific American. Vol. 7, no. 38, p. 298 (June 5, 1852 or June 7, 1851) .
https://tinyurl.com/mr26t7sp
The Dorchester Pot: Originating from the 593 million year old Roxbury Conglomerate
https://tinyurl.com/5asktm8a
731. Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). “Whitney, Josiah Dwight” . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. https://tinyurl.com/r7n99v4a
732. The auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California. J. D. Whitney. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65298.
LCCN: https://lccn.loc.gov/a49007061. OCLC: 6664992.
View online: https://tinyurl.com/bdfc3su5
733. Forbidden Archeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race. By Michael A Cremo and Richard L Thompson. Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing. 1996. ISBN 9780892132942, 0892132949. Reader’s Summary
https://tinyurl.com/2bup6sjv
734. What Is a Satellite? (Grades 5-8).
https://tinyurl.com/3rmbbvp8
735. Wise, D. U. (1966). “Origin of the Moon by Fission”. In Marsden, B. G.; Cameron, A. G. W. (eds.). The Earth-Moon System. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 213–223.
https://tinyurl.com/u4ynuzws,
https://tinyurl.com/y6bs4zer.
736. Canup, R.; Asphaug, E. (2001). “Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth’s formation” (PDF). Nature. 412 (6848): 708–712.
https://tinyurl.com/2ax9yuw9
737. Wernher von Braun. Former Marshall Space Flight Center Director. NASA.
https://www.nasa.gov/people/wernher-von-braun/
738. Apollo 12 Command and Service Module (CSM). NSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1969-099A.
https://tinyurl.com/y6c5nmc5.
739. Wernher von Braun (March 1970). “How APOLLO 13 Will Probe The Moon’s Interior”. Popular Science.
https://tinyurl.com/34ubpa88
740. Does the Moon Sound Like a Bell? Though the Apollo lunar modules were built for the sole purpose of landing two men on the surface of the…BY AMY SHIRA TEITEL | PUBLISHED MAY 27, 2016 10:00 PM EDT.
https://www.popsci.com/does-moon-sound-like-bell/
741. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon. CHAPTER 12.3.
https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-12-3.html
742. Does the Moon Sound Like a Bell? Though the Apollo lunar modules were built for the sole purpose of landing two men on the surface of the…BY AMY SHIRA TEITEL | PUBLISHED MAY 27, 2016 10:00 PM EDT.
https://www.popsci.com/does-moon-sound-like-bell/
743. Solomon, S. C., & Toksöz, M. (1968). On the density distribution in the moon. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1(7), 475-484.
https://tinyurl.com/2m8sfzpn
744. Mark Wieczorek and 15 coauthors (2006). “The constitution and structure of the lunar interior” (PDF). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 60 (1): 221–364.
https://tinyurl.com/ypr6ywsc
745. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “titanium”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Oct. 2023, https://tinyurl.com/bdzfkdmh.
747. Frederick Soddy Quotes.
https://www.azquotes.com/author/13856-Frederick_Soddy
748. Windley, Brian Frederick and Harbaugh, John W.. “geology”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Nov. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/science/geology. Accessed 12 November 2023.
750. James Hutton. Scottish geologist.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Hutton
751. Macomber, Richard W.. “Charles Lyell”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Nov. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Lyell. Accessed 13 November 2023.
752. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Georges Cuvier”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Cuvier. Accessed 12 November 2023.
753. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “catastrophism”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Jun. 2013, https://www.britannica.com/science/catastrophism-geology. Accessed 13 November 2023.
754. What are mass extinctions, and what causes them? In the last 500 million years, life has had to recover from five catastrophic blows. Are humans dealing the planet a sixth? BYMICHAEL GRESHKO ANDNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC STAFF. PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 13 MIN READ.
https://tinyurl.com/6sw3fyx8
755. Raup, D. M. (1982). Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record. Science.
https://doi.org/1501, https://sci-hub.yt/10.1126/science.215.4539.1501
756. David Malcolm Raup. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
https://www.amacad.org/person/david-malcolm-raup
757. Dr. David M. Raup. American Philosophical Society Member History.
https://tinyurl.com/56np62xr
758. Charles Schuchert Award.
https://www.paleosoc.org/schuchert-award
759. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “catastrophism”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Jun. 2013, https://www.britannica.com/science/catastrophism-geology. Accessed 8 May 2023.
760. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Walter Alvarez”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Oct. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walter-Alvarez. Accessed 12 November 2023.
761. Formed by Megafloods, This Place Fooled Scientists for Decades. Geologists couldn’t account for the strange landforms of eastern Washington State. Then a high school teacher dared to question the scientific dogma of his day. BYGLENN HODGES PHOTOGRAPHS BYMICHAEL MELFORD https://tinyurl.com/2v6dx8df
762. Bretz, J. Harlen. “The Spokane Flood beyond the Channeled Scablands.” The Journal of Geology, vol. 33, no. 2, 1925, pp. 97–115. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30067418, https://tinyurl.com/4xf5nshf. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
763. Columbia River Basalt Group Stretches from Oregon to Idaho. By Cascades Volcano Observatory.United States Geological Survey (.gov).
https://tinyurl.com/nbstmspc
765. Legacy: J Harlen Bretz (1882-1981). A scablands geologist whose theory finally won out.By John Soennichsen.
https://magazine.uchicago.edu/0912/features/legacy.shtml
766. A plaque Archived 13 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine was dedicated to Bretz in 1994 outside the Visitor Center at Dry Falls State Park in Coulee City, Washington that reads “Dedicated to J Harlen Bretz who patiently taught us that catastrophic floods may sometimes play a role in nature’s unfolding drama”.
https://tinyurl.com/e9uunyer
767. The Man: Geologists accept Ice Age floods theory, honor Bretz with Penrose Medal.
https://tinyurl.com/5h2h33ha
768. D. M. Martill, ‘The Medusa effect: instantaneous fossilization’, Geology today, Vol. 5, 1989, pp.201-205.
https://tinyurl.com/rfk77ayc
769. A. A. Snelling, Earth’s catastrophic past: Geology, Creation and the Flood, Volume 2. Master Books (October 2014), ISBN : 978-0-89051-873-1. pp.537-575.
https://tinyurl.com/26wsb77k
770. A. K. Behrensmeyer and eight others, ‘Are the most durable shelly taxa also the most common in the marine fossil record?’ Paleobiology, Vol. 31, 2005, pp.607-623.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4096887; https://sci-hub.yt/10.2307/4096887
771. C. M. Faux and K. Padian, ‘The opisthotonic posture of vertebrate skeletons: post-mortem contraction or death throes?’ Paleobiology, Vol. 33, 2007, pp.201-226.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4500148; https://sci-hub.yt/10.2307/4500148
772. L. Brand and J. Florence, ‘Stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate fossil footprints compared with body fossils’, Origins (Geoscience Research Institute), Vol. 9, 1982, pp.67-74.
https://www.grisda.org/origins-09067
773. Fossils and the Flood. Paul Garner.
https://www.evangelical-times.org/fossils-and-the-flood/
774. Paul Garner. Evangelical Times.
https://www.evangelical-times.org/author/paul-garner-bsc-fgs/
775. Fossils and the Flood. Paul Garner.
https://www.evangelical-times.org/fossils-and-the-flood/
778. 125 questions: Exploration and discovery. 14 MAY 2021. Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office. BOOKLET SPONSORED BY SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY (SJTU).
https://tinyurl.com/yck6wmdh
779. Sung Chang; The neutron and proton weigh in, theoretically. Physics Today 1 June 2015; 68 (6): 17–18.
https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.2804
780. The Four Fundamental Forces. NASA.
https://universe.nasa.gov/universe/forces/
781. Robin Collins. Professor of Philosophy, Messiah College.
https://closertotruth.com/contributor/robin-collins/
782. Physics Prove The Existence of God (On A Razor’s Edge)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7R2Hsi_gln8
783. C. Huang and Y. -C. Huang. Anthropic Principle’s Predicting Symmetric Distribution Matter Strata, Their Physics Laws, and Verifications. Advances in Astronomy; Volume 2019; Article ID 2501417, 16 pages.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aa/2019/2501417/
784. What Is NASA? (Grades K-4).
https://tinyurl.com/yms8tftk.
785. NEW HUBBLE IMAGES. September 10, 2009 by Marge Floori. Weekly World News.
https://tinyurl.com/vemzrzdm
786. The Farthest Visible Reaches of Space
https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/farthest_info.html
787. NASA Hubble Site. https://www.hubblesite.org/,
https://www.hubblesite.org/quick-facts NASA.
788. Isaac Newton. English physicist and mathematician. Encyclopedia Britannica.
789. 33 Best Sir Isaac Newton Quotes (EDUCATION). GRACIOUS QUOTES.
https://tinyurl.com/38pb8ak5.
790. Priest of Nature: The Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton 1st Edition. by Rob Iliffe (Author).
https://tinyurl.com/3dfzbwbw; https://tinyurl.com/7xp6djsz
791. https://tinyurl.com/2brb3nu3
792. Arthur Ernest Wilder Smith, The Creation of Life: A Cybernetic Approach to Evolution, Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw, 1970, pp. 244-245.
https://www.sermon-online.com/contents/34550;
https://tinyurl.com/ycxbvnyv
793. “Full text of the Butler Act and the bill that repealed it”. Tennessee Evolution Statutes PUBLIC ACTS OF THE STATE OF TENNESSEE PASSED BY THE SIXTY – FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY 1925 Archived from the original on 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
https://tinyurl.com/yr2cj76d
794. “Scopes of ‘Monkey Trial’ Is Dead at 70”. New York Times. New York Times. October 23, 1970. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
https://tinyurl.com/ea5tmt22
795. Ten Major Court Cases about Evolution and Creationism. June 6, 2016. Written by Molleen Matsumura & Louise Mead. National Center for Science Education.
https://ncse.ngo/ten-major-court-cases-about-evolution-and-creationism
796. Ten Major Court Cases about Evolution and Creationism. June 6, 2016. Written by Molleen Matsumura & Louise Mead. National Center for Science Education.
https://ncse.ngo/ten-major-court-cases-about-evolution-and-creationism
797. M.Y. Stoeckle, D.S. Thaler. Why should mitochondria define species? Human Evolution. Vol. 33; n. 1-2 (1-30) – 2018.
DOI: 10.14673/HE2018121037; https://phe.rockefeller.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Stoeckle-Thaler-Final-reduced-002.pdf
798. Dr. Henry M. Morris.Institute for Creation Research.
https://www.icr.org/henry_morris/
799. The Long War Against God Author(s):Henry Morris; Publisher:Master Books; Year:2000; Edition: Language: English; Pages (bibl\file):344\0; ISBN: 0890512914, 9780890512913.
https://tinyurl.com/ykabazbx
800. Krishna Tube. The Mysterious Origins of Man. Starting 6’50”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ctC141Ma4E
801. Geologic evidence for age of deposits at Hueyatlaco archeological site, Vasequillo, Mexico [archive]; 1981 (PDF-Datei; abgerufen 8. Juli 2016)
https://tinyurl.com/27vb7fn2